My data profiles
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) poses challenges from patient and health system perspectives. The cost-effectiveness analysis of the Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) test to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis is documented. However, there are no economic evaluations for EPTB. Considering the reported better diagnostic sensitivity of the MPT64 test, this study explored its cost-effectiveness as an alternative diagnostic test. We conducted this economic evaluation to assess the cost-effectiveness of the MPT64 test compared to Xpert and ZN microscopy for EPTB adult patients. We utilised a Markov modelling approach to capture short- and long-term costs and benefits from a health system perspective. For the model inputs, we combined data from our cohort studies in Tanzania and peer-reviewed EPTB literature. We calculated the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) by comparing the cost (in USD) of each diagnostic test and Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) as health gain. We found the MPT64 test cost-effective for EPTB diagnosis and absolutely dominated ZN microscopy and Xpert using the baseline model inputs. A scenario analysis showed that the Xpert test might be the most cost-effective at its higher test sensitivity, which corresponds to using it to diagnose lymph node aspirates. The prevalence of HIV among EPTB cases, their probability of treatment, costs of ART, and the probability of the MPT64 test in detecting EPTB patients were the main parameters associated with the highest impact on ICER in one-way deterministic analysis. The most cost-effective option for EPTB at the baseline parameters was the MPT64 diagnostic test. Including the MPT64 test in EPTB diagnostic pathways for previously untreated patients can lead to better resource use. The Xpert test was the most cost-effective diagnostic intervention at a higher diagnostic test sensitivity in scenario analyses based on different sites of infection, such as for the lymph node aspirates.
Almost no public opinion research has been conducted to date on the general topic of contaminated sites at a national level. The purpose of this research is to measure Canadian public opinion on the issue of contaminated sites to provide a baseline from which future studies can be conducted to measure changes in opinions in response to government communications initiatives.
This election study survey is based upon questions asked in the Canadian Election Study, but tailored for the Nova Scotia context. It was conducted by the Consortium on Electoral Democracy (C-Dem).
This election study survey is based upon questions asked in the Canadian Election Study, but tailored for the Newfoundland and Labrador context. It was conducted by the Consortium on Electoral Democracy (C-Dem).
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a major global public health challenge in the 21st century that poses a serious impact on women’s health and well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with GBV among secondary school female students in the Sarlahi district of Nepal. Using a cross-sectional study, we collected data from 225 secondary-level female students in the Sarlahi district of Nepal. Data was collected by using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Probability proportionate and simple random sampling techniques were used for sampling. The association was explored by using a chi-square test and binary logistic regression. The two-tailed significance level for all analyses was set at p<0.05. The overall prevalence of GBV among the students during their lifetime was 45.33 of which physical violence was 16.89%, sexual violence was 30.22% and psychological violence was 39.56%. The prevalence of experiencing physical violence from family members was 97.36%, followed by emotional violence (41.57%). Further, the prevalence of sexual violence from non-family members was 91.17%. Type of family had a significant association with lifetime experience of GBV (p = 0.003). Gender based discrimination in the family had a significant association with lifetime (p = 0.001) as well as last 12 months (p = 0.001) GBV experience. Experience of witnessing physical violence as a child within the last 12 months was associated with GBV (p = 0.03). Different forms of GBV such as physical, sexual, and emotional acts of violence among female students were highly prevalent. However, their knowledge and awareness of confronting this issue were limited. This warrants the urgent need to establish preventive and responsive control measures within schools and communities to address GBV effectively.
The study commissioned by Transparency International Georgia, intended to gauge citizens' awareness regarding various issue
The study commissioned by Transparency International Georgia, intended to gauge citizens' awareness regarding various issues.
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The main purpose of this survey is to study the coverage of the employment insurance program. It provides a meaningful picture of who does or does not have access to EI benefits among the jobless and those in a situation of underemployment. The Employment Insurance Coverage Survey also covers access to maternity and parental benefits. The survey was designed to produce a series of precise measures to identify groups with low probability of receiving benefits, for instance, the long-term jobless, labour market entrants and students, people becoming unemployed after uninsured employment, people who have left jobs voluntarily and individuals who are eligible, given their employment history, but do not claim or otherwise receive benefits. The survey provides a detailed description of the characteristics of the last job held as well as reasons for not receiving benefits or for not claiming. Through the survey data, analysts will also be able to observe the characteristics and situation of people not covered by EI and of those who exhausted EI benefits, the job search intensity of the unemployed, expectation of recall to a job, and alternate sources of income and funds. Survey data pertaining to maternity and parental benefits answer questions on the proportion of mothers of an infant who received maternity and parental benefits, the reason why some mothers do not receive benefits and about sharing parental benefits with their spouse. The survey also allows looking at the timing and circumstances related to the return to work, the income adequacy of households with young children and more.
NPORS is an annual, cross-sectional survey of U.S. adults. Respondents can answer by paper, online or over the phone, and they are selected using address-based sampling from the United States Postal Service’s Computerized Delivery Sequence File. The response rate to the latest NPORS was 32%, and previous years’ surveys were designed with a similarly rigorous approach.
NPORS is an annual, cross-sectional survey of U.S. adults. Respondents can answer by paper, online or over the phone, and they are selected using address-based sampling from the United States Postal Service’s Computerized Delivery Sequence File. The response rate to the latest NPORS was 32%, and previous years’ surveys were designed with a similarly rigorous approach.